What occurs when the body lacks a certain nutrient over an extended period?

When the body lacks a certain nutrient over an extended period, this condition is referred to as a deficiency. A deficiency occurs when the intake of a specific nutrient falls short of what the body needs for optimal functioning. This can lead to various health issues depending on the nutrient that is lacking. For instance, a deficiency in vitamin C can result in scurvy, while a lack of iron may lead to anemia. The body relies on a balanced diet to obtain essential nutrients, and prolonged deficiencies can negatively impact growth, immune function, and overall health.

The other terms provide different contexts: excess refers to an overabundance of nutrients, which can also cause health issues but does not pertain to the lack of nutrients. Intoxication implies harmful effects from consuming toxins or substances in excessive amounts. An allergy is an immune response to a specific food or substance, which is not related to nutrient deficiency.